P22.1 · Bone Health
Bone Health — Measurements & Reference
Research-only measurements. No clinical thresholds, diagnosis, readiness score or automatic “OK” assessment. Stored encrypted on this device; not automatically sent to Ground.
Local measurement history
Only records matching the mission and crew IDs above are shown. Different methods or units must not be compared automatically. History is append-only: corrections mark records erroneous and add a superseding entry; nothing is rewritten or deleted.
| Date | Variable | Result | Source | Origin | Status | Actions |
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No records for this mission and crew.
Bone health scientific handbook · research reference
Nikolas' Bone Health Handbook v7: 63 variables across 6 categories, shown in English. The original Greek handbook is preserved unchanged. Evidence tiers A/B/C are author-assigned; translation and scientific review are pending; no thresholds, diagnoses or fracture-risk predictions.
Explore the source-derived variable catalog
Bone resorption
- CTX / β-CTX · tier A · Serum · pg/mL or ng/L — Type I collagen fragment; indicates the rate of resorption.↑ Increase: Possibly more intense osteoclastic resorption. ↓ Decrease: Possibly lower resorption; interpret together with P1NP.
- NTX · tier A · Urine or serum · nmol BCE/mmol creatinine or assay-specific — N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen.↑ Increase: Increased breakdown of bone collagen. ↓ Decrease: Reduced resorption or effect of countermeasures.
- Pyridinoline (PYD) · tier A · Urine · nmol/mmol creatinine — Cross-link of mature collagen, not exclusive to bone.↑ Increase: More collagen degradation. ↓ Decrease: Less degradation, with limited specificity.
- Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) · tier A · Urine · nmol/mmol creatinine — Collagen cross-link with greater bone specificity.↑ Increase: Possible increase in bone resorption. ↓ Decrease: Possible decrease in bone resorption.
- Helical Peptide · tier B · Urine/serum · assay-specific — Peptide from the breakdown of type I collagen.↑ Increase: More intense collagen degradation. ↓ Decrease: Less degradation; assay-dependent.
- Hydroxyproline · tier A · Urine · mg/day or ratio — Collagen amino acid; historical, non-specific marker.↑ Increase: Increased collagen turnover or dietary effect. ↓ Decrease: Reduced turnover; does not prove bone improvement.
- Hydroxylysine · tier B · Urine · assay-specific — Collagen derivative; historical marker.↑ Increase: More collagen degradation. ↓ Decrease: Less degradation; low specificity.
- TRAP5b · tier B · Serum · U/L or assay-specific — Enzyme related to osteoclast number/activity.↑ Increase: Possibly increased osteoclastic activity. ↓ Decrease: Possibly decreased osteoclastic activity.
Bone formation
- P1NP / PINP · tier A · Serum · µg/L — Type I collagen synthesis propeptide from osteoblasts.↑ Increase: Increased formation or increased turnover. ↓ Decrease: Possible suppression of formation; not automatically favourable.
- PICP · tier B · Serum · µg/L — C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen.↑ Increase: More collagen synthesis. ↓ Decrease: Less collagen synthesis.
- BSAP / BAP · tier A · Serum · µg/L or U/L — Bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase; osteoblasts.↑ Increase: Possibly increased formation activity. ↓ Decrease: Possibly decreased formation activity.
- Osteocalcin · tier A · Serum · ng/mL — Osteoblast protein; turnover marker subject to many influences.↑ Increase: Increased turnover/formation; assay-dependent. ↓ Decrease: Reduced osteoblastic activity or turnover.
Calcium & endocrine regulation
- Serum Total Calcium · tier A · Serum · mg/dL or mmol/L — Total calcium; influenced by albumin.↑ Increase: Possible hypercalcemia; requires clinical evaluation. ↓ Decrease: Possible hypocalcemia; not a measure of bone mass.
- Ionized Calcium · tier A · Blood · mmol/L — Free, biologically active calcium.↑ Increase: Change in homeostasis; influenced by sample pH. ↓ Decrease: Change in homeostasis; does not directly indicate BMD.
- Urinary Calcium 24h · tier A · 24-hour urine · mg/day — Excreted calcium; related to bone mobilization and kidney stones.↑ Increase: Hypercalciuria/increased stone risk under certain conditions. ↓ Decrease: Lower excretion; may reflect intake/kidney function.
- Serum Phosphate · tier A · Serum · mg/dL or mmol/L — Blood phosphate; influenced by kidney and hormones.↑ Increase: Possible renal/hormonal disturbance. ↓ Decrease: Possible insufficient intake or redistribution.
- Urinary Phosphorus · tier A · 24-hour urine · mg/day — Phosphorus excretion; also a component of stone chemistry.↑ Increase: Greater urinary phosphorus load. ↓ Decrease: Lower load; depends on diet/kidney function.
- PTH · tier A · Serum/plasma · pg/mL — Parathyroid hormone; regulates calcium, phosphorus and bone turnover.↑ Increase: Chronic elevation may enhance resorption. ↓ Decrease: May be suppressed by higher calcium.
- 25(OH) Vitamin D · tier A · Serum · ng/mL or nmol/L — Main marker of vitamin D stores.↑ Increase: Improved sufficiency up to an appropriate level; excess is undesirable. ↓ Decrease: Possible insufficient vitamin D status.
Review note: 'Up to an appropriate level' — no target level is defined in the source or implemented.
- 1,25(OH)₂ Vitamin D · tier A · Serum · pg/mL — Active hormonal metabolite, not a marker of stores.↑ Increase: Hormonal/renal change; not necessarily sufficiency. ↓ Decrease: Reduced activation or altered regulation.
- FGF23 · tier C · Serum/plasma · pg/mL or RU/mL — Hormone regulating phosphorus and vitamin D.↑ Increase: Possible increase in phosphaturia; multifactorial. ↓ Decrease: Possible decrease in phosphate-load signalling.
- Sclerostin · tier B · Serum · pmol/L or ng/mL — Osteocyte protein; inhibits Wnt/bone formation.↑ Increase: Possible inhibition of osteoblastic signalling. ↓ Decrease: Possible release of inhibition; not automatically a clinical improvement.
- RANKL · tier C · Serum · assay-specific — Osteoclast differentiation/activation signal.↑ Increase: Possible enhancement of osteoclastogenesis. ↓ Decrease: Possible reduction in signalling; interpret together with OPG.
- OPG · tier C · Serum · assay-specific — Binds RANKL and limits osteoclastogenesis.↑ Increase: Possible compensatory protective action. ↓ Decrease: Possibly less inhibition of RANKL.
- DKK1 · tier C · Serum · assay-specific — Wnt inhibitor related to bone formation.↑ Increase: Possible suppression of Wnt signalling. ↓ Decrease: Possibly less inhibition; research interpretation.
- Stable Ca isotope ratio · tier B · Blood/urine · δ44/42Ca ‰ — Natural isotopic ratio; research estimate of net bone balance.↑ Increase: Direction depends on the isotopic model and material. ↓ Decrease: A simple general ↑/↓ interpretation is not permitted.
Review note: Source explicitly forbids a simple ↑/↓ reading; direction depends on the isotopic model.
- Stable Ca tracer kinetics · tier B · Blood/urine after tracer administration · fractional absorption / model — Administered stable tracers for calcium kinetics.↑ Increase: Interpret only with a specific kinetic model. ↓ Decrease: Not a simple risk threshold.
Urine chemistry & kidney-stone risk
- Urinary Citrate · tier A · 24-hour urine · mg/day — Citrate binds calcium and limits crystallization.↑ Increase: Often a protective increase. ↓ Decrease: Low citrate may increase stone risk.
- Urinary Oxalate · tier A · 24-hour urine · mg/day — Oxalate forms crystals with calcium.↑ Increase: Possible increase in Ca-oxalate risk. ↓ Decrease: Possible decrease in risk, under certain conditions.
- Urinary Magnesium · tier A · 24-hour urine · mg/day — Urinary magnesium; part of the lithogenic profile.↑ Increase: May reflect intake/renal excretion. ↓ Decrease: May reduce inhibitory factors.
Review note: Decrease text ('may reduce inhibitory factors') is ambiguous (may mean lower urinary magnesium reduces stone-inhibiting factors); rendered literally.
- Urinary Sodium · tier A · 24-hour urine · mmol/day — Sodium excretion; linked to salt intake.↑ Increase: Often associated with increased calciuria. ↓ Decrease: Lower sodium load.
- Urinary Potassium · tier A · 24-hour urine · mmol/day — Potassium excretion; dietary/renal marker.↑ Increase: Often reflects intake; not a standalone stone marker. ↓ Decrease: Possibly low intake or another change.
- Urinary Sulfate · tier A · 24-hour urine · mmol/day — Related to the acid load from proteins.↑ Increase: Possibly greater acid production. ↓ Decrease: Possibly lower acid load.
- Urinary Uric Acid · tier A · 24-hour urine · mg/day — Uric acid; risk of specific stone types.↑ Increase: Possibly greater lithogenic burden. ↓ Decrease: Possibly lower burden.
- Urinary Creatinine · tier A · 24-hour urine · mg/day — Check of collection completeness/normalization.↑ Increase: Not independent evidence of disease. ↓ Decrease: May indicate incomplete collection or muscle changes.
- Urine pH · tier A · 24-hour urine · pH — Urine acidity influences stone type.↑ Increase: High pH favours certain phosphate stones. ↓ Decrease: Low pH favours uric acid stones.
- Total Urine Volume · tier A · 24-hour urine · mL/day — Urine volume/hydration.↑ Increase: Usually lowers concentrations of lithogenic substances. ↓ Decrease: Low volume increases supersaturation.
- Calcium Oxalate Supersaturation · tier A · Calculation · dimensionless/index — Calcium oxalate saturation index.↑ Increase: Greater crystallization tendency of the corresponding salt. ↓ Decrease: Lower crystallization tendency; a validated algorithm is required.
- Brushite / Ca Phosphate Supersaturation · tier A · Calculation · dimensionless/index — Calcium phosphate saturation index.↑ Increase: Greater crystallization tendency of the corresponding salt. ↓ Decrease: Lower crystallization tendency; a validated algorithm is required.
- Uric Acid Supersaturation · tier A · Calculation · dimensionless/index — Uric acid saturation index.↑ Increase: Greater crystallization tendency of the corresponding salt. ↓ Decrease: Lower crystallization tendency; a validated algorithm is required.
- Sodium Urate Supersaturation · tier A · Calculation · dimensionless/index — Sodium urate saturation index.↑ Increase: Greater crystallization tendency of the corresponding salt. ↓ Decrease: Lower crystallization tendency; a validated algorithm is required.
- Struvite Supersaturation · tier A · Calculation · dimensionless/index — Magnesium ammonium phosphate saturation index.↑ Increase: Greater crystallization tendency of the corresponding salt. ↓ Decrease: Lower crystallization tendency; a validated algorithm is required.
Imaging & bone strength
- Total Hip aBMD · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · g/cm² — DXA areal density of the hip.↑ Increase: Higher measured density. ↓ Decrease: Density loss; check precision error.
- Femoral Neck aBMD · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · g/cm² — DXA density of the femoral neck.↑ Increase: Increase in BMD. ↓ Decrease: Loss of BMD.
- Lumbar Spine aBMD · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · g/cm² — DXA of the lumbar spine.↑ Increase: Increase or technical artifact. ↓ Decrease: Loss of BMD.
Review note: 'Increase or technical artifact' rendered literally; spinal aBMD increases may be artefactual (e.g. degenerative change) — confirm.
- Total vBMD · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · mg HA/cm³ — QCT volumetric density.↑ Increase: Possible increase in density. ↓ Decrease: Possible loss of density.
- Cortical vBMD · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · mg HA/cm³ — Cortical bone density.↑ Increase: Possibly higher density. ↓ Decrease: Possibly lower density.
- Trabecular vBMD · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · mg HA/cm³ — Trabecular (cancellous) bone density.↑ Increase: Possibly higher density. ↓ Decrease: Possible loss of trabecular bone.
- Trabecular Thickness · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · mm — Mean trabecular thickness.↑ Increase: Possibly stronger microstructure. ↓ Decrease: Possible trabecular thinning.
- Trabecular Number · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · 1/mm — Number of trabeculae per unit length.↑ Increase: Possibly denser network. ↓ Decrease: Possible loss of trabeculae.
- Trabecular Separation · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · mm — Mean distance between trabeculae.↑ Increase: Possible deterioration of microarchitecture. ↓ Decrease: Possibly smaller separation.
- Cortical Thickness · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · mm — Cortical bone thickness.↑ Increase: Possible improvement in mechanical support. ↓ Decrease: Possible cortical thinning.
- Bone Failure Load · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · N — Modelled failure load from FEA.↑ Increase: Greater estimated strength. ↓ Decrease: Lower estimated strength.
- Estimated Bone Strength · tier A · DXA/QCT/HR-pQCT/FEA · N or model-specific — Estimated mechanical strength from a model.↑ Increase: Possible improvement in the strength model. ↓ Decrease: Possible deterioration in the strength model.
Exercise, nutrition & exposure
- Resistance Exercise Adherence · tier A · Log/device · % sessions — Completed / scheduled resistance exercise sessions.↑ Increase: Better adherence; not a guarantee of protection. ↓ Decrease: Reduced adherence; possibly insufficient loading.
- Resistance Exercise Load · tier A · Log/device · kg or N — Exercise load and progression.↑ Increase: Greater mechanical loading within the plan. ↓ Decrease: Lower loading; requires context.
- Dietary Calcium Intake · tier A · Log/device · mg/day — Calcium intake from diet/supplements.↑ Increase: Does not automatically mean better bones. ↓ Decrease: May affect homeostasis.
- Dietary Vitamin D Intake · tier A · Log/device · IU/day — Vitamin D intake.↑ Increase: Does not replace 25(OH)D. ↓ Decrease: Possibly insufficient intake.
- Dietary Protein Intake · tier A · Log/device · g/day — Protein for bone/muscle.↑ Increase: Depends on needs and diet. ↓ Decrease: Possibly insufficient tissue support.
- Dietary Sodium Intake · tier A · Log/device · mg/day — Dietary sodium.↑ Increase: May increase calciuria. ↓ Decrease: May reduce sodium load.
- Fluid Intake · tier A · Log/device · mL/day — Fluid consumed.↑ Increase: Usually supports urine production. ↓ Decrease: Possible increase in urine concentration.
- Mission Duration · tier A · Log/device · days — Days of exposure to microgravity.↑ Increase: Greater cumulative exposure. ↓ Decrease: Lower exposure.
- Microgravity Exposure · tier A · Log/device · hours/days — Actual time under low mechanical loading.↑ Increase: Greater exposure to the risk factor. ↓ Decrease: Lower exposure.
Software: store the value, unit, specimen, method, date, baseline and source; compute a trend only from comparable measurements.
Reference-only · pending independent review · direction words describe possible associations, not causes or clinical findings.